Hot days are a state of temperature and an important climatic phenomenon. Long term changes (trends) of this phenomenon are evidence and consequence of temperature-climatic change. In current research it had been tried to investigate long term changes of hot days of Iran using day time temperature database during 1961-2008 as well as using STATISTICAL methods. Accordingly based on 90th percentile the hot day index for every pixels of database and for every day has been estimated. This value used as hot day threshold. Then the maximum temperatures of every day have been comparing with its threshold. Every day of every given pixel which has gotten a temperature equal or more than threshold is defined as a hot day. The result of this result showed that the mean of number of hot days is about 39 days. The months in cold seasons and in April have experienced the most days with hot temperatures. This value has experienced positive trends in about half of the country. While sixth of the country has negative trends. The area with positive trends is continuum in space in compare with area with negative trends. The mean of temperature of hot days also investigated. In more than half of the country the trends of temperature of hot days was positive. Meanwhile in third of the country there are negative trends. The trends in both, number of hot days and mean temperature of same days is following the structure of mountains structures. The correlation of trends in number days and mean temperature of hot days is positive temporary and spatially. The events of hot days in Iran have shown a 3-4 years cycle.

The occurrence of skin cancer is related to many parameters which are spatially distributed. GIS can be used for analysing such spatial relationships. On the other hand, the occurrence of skin cancer is a probabilistic phenomenon. In other words, even in presence of all causing factors, skin cancer does not necessarily occur. In this research, a geoSTATISTICAL model is developed to simulate the spatial distribution of skin cancer. First, the data framework is designed and proper data are gathered. Then, the data are processed in GIS and prepared to enter the model. Finally, by creation of the geoSTATISTICAL model, the relations between the disease and its factors are studied. As a result, the effecting factors and their importance degrees are extracted. The developed model can be used both as simulator tool and as a decision support tool. In the other words, by changing the values of one or more parameters, the probability of occurring changes in the occurrence of disease can be studied. This can help the managers in evaluating the result of any possible course of action, when challenging the disease.

Tolerancing conducted by design engineers to meet customers’ needs is a prerequisite for producing highquality products. Engineers use handbooks to conduct tolerancing. While use of STATISTICAL methods for tolerancing is not something new, engineers often use known distributions, including the normal distribution. Yet, if the STATISTICAL distribution of the given variable is unknown, a new STATISTICAL method will be employed to design tolerance. In this paper, we use generalized lambda distribution for design and ANALYSES component tolerance. We use percentile method (PM) to estimate the distribution parameters. The findings indicated that, when the distribution of the component data is unknown, the proposed method can be used to expedite the design of component tolerance. Moreover, in the case of assembled sets, more extensive tolerance for each component with the same target performance can be utilized.

Low cutting forces can signi cantly reduce the risk of damage to sensitive tissues adjacent to the bone. Because of its better control of the incision, lower cutting force and reduced postoperative complications, the application of ultrasonic tools in bone-cutting is of concern to surgeons. In this study, through the application of a full factorial design of experiments, the e ects of changes in cutting tool geometry, ultrasonic power, bone-cutting direction, and tool speed on the cutting forces of cortical bone are assessed simultaneously. The variance and regression of the experimental data are analyzed, and the impact of factors and interactions of the elements on the cutting forces are discussed. The adjusted coe cient of determination (R 2 adj) of the main cutting force and cutting resistance force of the STATISTICAL model were 91. 49% and 91. 15%, respectively. Both the blade geometry and ultrasonic power, together with their interactions, are the most in uential factors in the cutting forces, contributing 82. 2% and 86. 6%, respectively. The formation of teeth in the cutting edge improves the cutting process and reduces the cutting force by about 40%. To obtain high e ciency and low cutting force, it is recommended to use an ultrasonic-powered toothed edge blade with a pitch of 1 mm, a low vertical velocity, and a high longitudinal speed.

Sabzpushan Mt. is an anticlinorium located in the Suthwestern area of Shiraz,within the so-called “Zagros Folded Belt’’. Its axial trend has been diverted from the general NW-SE trend of the Zagros, e.g. from the trend of the two adjacent anticlines (Figure1). It has been rotated in a clockwise direction. A transverse strike–slip fault divides the Sabzpushan Mt. into a bigger northwestern and a smaller southeastern blocks. Qualitative and quantitative methods of morphotectonics illustrate different rate of uplift in different parts of the Mountain. SL– index contour map of the anticline   displays that on the widened central part, uplift is symmetric with reference to the axis of the anticline but it is more prominent adjacent to the transverse strike–slip fault. Drainage pattern study of the different parts of this anticline demonstrates that the trend of the anticline axis offsets at the central part. STATISTICAL joint analysis of the different parts show that a local compressional stress trending N660 E has caused a clockwise rotation of the total axial trend of the anticline,a right–lateral  movement of Sabzpushan transverse fault, and many other structural and morphotectonic changes.

The erosion data collected by plots and Cs137 methods as well as gauged river sediment yields (about 1000 places countrywide) were studied. Due to the large differences in the range of recorded data within each method and between the methods and the limited data compared to the large size and diversity of the country, it was necessary to find a suitable technique for scientific interpretation of these results. The median was selected as the most appropriate erosion/sedimentation measure of center. The median sediment yield rate of the measuring sites, which are mainly located in the mountainous areas of the country, was estimated at 336 t/km2/y. Using EPM estimates corrected by the observed sediment yield data, the country's total annual erosion is approximately 900 million tonnes (550 t/km2). Whereas, soil losses of about 300 plots in the rangelands, forests and drylands are often much less than 100 t/km2/y. In contrast, up to about 3, 500 t/km2/y were measured on marl formations. Due to the large differences between erosion in plots and river sediment yields, it is likely that sensitive formations, dryfarming, gullies, landslides and streambank erosion have a greater role in sediment production. Limited sediment source studies also confirm the greater contribution of deep erosion features. Finally, by examining worldwide erosion/sediment yield maps and some global data, it was shown that despite the presence of erosion hot spots and basins with high sediment production in Iran, there are areas with much more critical conditions in Asia and the world.